However, the properties of this material strictly depend on the kind of combusted solid fuel and technology of combustion used, and it varies during the year. The more environmentally-friendly nature of such concrete results from the reduction of CO 2 emission associated with the production of cement clinker and other factors negatively influencing the sustainability of the building industry.įly ash (FA), which has proper standard properties in accordance with the BS EN 450-1 standard, can be used in cement and concrete manufacture. In addition, the application of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) could be beneficial in terms of durability and other engineering requirements. The replacement of cement by other cementing materials is the main approach to meet the required CO 2 reduction. Hence, the reduction of the negative impacts of cement production has become a global effort. The production of one metric ton of cement releases an estimated 0.73–0.99 t of CO 2 depending on the ratio of the clinker and used fuel. predicted that production would exceed 4 billion tons by 2050 however, according to USGS, global cement production already amounted to 4.1 billion tons in 2018. According to Habert, the annual production of cement was 2.8 billion tons in 2014. A crucial factor in terms of sustainability is the production of Portland cement it is responsible for 5–7% of global CO 2 emissions. Portland cement-based concrete is the most widely used structural material in the world, with an annual production around ten billion metric tons. Acceptable properties were achieved for the lowest dosage of fly ash. ![]() Despite suitable results of freeze-thaw resistance and shrinkage, an increasing amount of fly ash in terms of the new design concept led to a fundamental increase of permeability and thus to decay of long-term durability. ![]() The experimental program revealed that the proposed design method is reliable only in terms of properties in fresh state and mechanical performance, which were similar with control mixture. The carbonation resistance had a dominant importance on the final durability performance of studied mixtures. The durability of studied mixtures was evaluated by using durability loss index, which allow general assessment on the basis of multiple parameters. The long-term durability was assessed on the basis of shrinkage measurement, freeze-thaw resistance and permeability tests including initial surface absorption, chloride migration, water penetration and an accelerated carbonation test, which was compared with the evolution of carbonation front in normal conditions. The verification was conducted on SCC mixtures in terms of their workability, mechanical properties and the most attention was paid to long-term durability. The proposed approach, which allows a systematic design of a binding system with varied properties of the used mineral additive, was studied on ternary blends consisting of Portland cement (PC), limestone powder and fly ash (FA). The aim of the work is the assessment of a new approach to binder design, which takes into consideration the activity of the used mineral additive. ![]() ![]() Hence, it introduces a suitable possibility for further utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in terms of sustainable development. Self-compaction concrete (SCC) is ranked among the main technological innovations of the last decades.
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